DNA's discovery began with Friedrich Miescher's identification of nuclein in 1869. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the double helix model, revolutionizing genetics. DNA sequencing advancements, such as Sanger sequencing, allowed gene mapping and manipulation, enabling genetic engineering and genomics. The Human Genome Project (1990-2003) further accelerated DNA research, contributing to personalized medicine, gene therapy, and forensic applications. DNA technology has profoundly impacted modern science, spurring interdisciplinary collaborations and discoveries across biology, medicine, agriculture, and numerous other fields.